106 0 obj <> endobj wrote the paper.This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. Eating even a tiny bite of a toxic plant can cause extreme gastrointestinal problems, or even death. Marshall David Sahlins is an American cultural anthropologist best known for his ethnographic work in the Pacific and for his contributions to anthropological theory. Some foot travel occurred along streams, where movement was faster because of more constant elevation and the lack of forest. Under conditions of severe habitat degradation, foragers should make decisions based on profitability rather than abundance of prey, and market pressures (i.e., high profits for forest products) may make it optimal to engage in behaviors that conflict with conservation goals (Empirical support for the predictions of the marginal value theorem in an ethnographic context bolsters the explanatory and predictive potential of human behavioral ecology in archaeological reconstructions (The marginal value theorem has been influential and widely supported in studies of nonhuman organisms. As such it is the invention of civilization. However, under particular circumstances, the expectations of the MVT converge for the gross and net gain functions. Sahlins does not cite it, but the general issues here overlap those animating the LCvi-Strauss-Homans-Needham debate of a decade ago. 0000007371 00000 n Food availability is, therefore, central to explaining the logistical and residential (i.e., camp) mobility patterns of hunter-gatherers (These group-level macroecological patterns necessarily emerge from the foraging behavior of individuals, but the proximate ecological and social factors that influence these collective movement decisions remain poorly understood (At the heart of this issue is how individuals and groups perceive and respond to local resource depletion. In 1975, the Batek of the Upper Lebir River deliberately reserved some patches of resources for future use. Excellence is embedded in our approach to research and education.Choosing the right university is a defining decision. To summarize, we investigated the shape of the gain functions for resources exploited at camps 2, 3, 5, 6, and 9–11, for which return rate data reflect the camp’s occupation from establishment to abandonment. Embedded in this discussion stands an enduring problem of how categories fit social and cultural realities.Going back to Sahlins’ original model and its critiques allows, on the one hand, to identify the criteria on which sociopolitical ‘types’ have been grounded and, on the other hand, to examine the offered alternatives by Sahlins’ critiques or followers. His major critique of sociobiology is contained in "The world's most 'primitive' people have few possessions, but they are not poor. ‘The edibility of a planet's plant life is one of the factors of habitability.’ More example sentences ‘The approach that a conservator takes depends on whether the artist judges it more important to preserve the work's appearance or remain true to chocolate's basic edibility.’ For the sake of completeness, we have plotted these gain curves in The gain functions illustrating energy acquisition at each Batek camp (camps 1–11, excluding camp 7). ... are respectively assimilated to and distinguished from parts of the human body—on the same model as we conceive our "innermost selves" as our "true selves"—and the two categories are accordingly ranked as more or less fit for human consumption.

In many hunter-gatherer societies, virtually all of the edible carcass is consumed (After edibility is calculated, it is possible to calculate the corrected weights of the carcass and organs. The distance from camp 2 to camp 3 was 0.59 km (the shortest distance moved in the dataset) and took roughly 1 h, giving a travel speed of 1.69 km/h. The Endicotts joined two camps (1 and 4) several days after establishment (6 and 13 d, respectively), and they joined camp 8 after an unknown date of establishment. Institute of Archaeology, UCL HUNTER-GATHERER ARCHAEOBOTANY Dorian Q Fuller 21.xi.2006 QUESTIONS to ask of Hunter-gatherers • Seasonality and scheduling. In referring to a particular ethnographic case, Sahlins (1976:171) makes an observation he evidently takes to be generally true: “Specific valuations of edibility and in- edibility [are] themselves qualitative and in no way justifiable by biological, ecological, or economic advantage.” However, in the case of the Batek (and we suspect, most human foragers), moving does not entirely halt foraging, but foraging becomes less systematic (see description above).We can use data from moves for which the distance and travel time are known to arrive at a general picture of travel costs for the Batek. 0000003068 00000 n Like any good scale, the edibility scale must be calibrated. Poverty is a social status. We tested the predictions of the marginal value theorem using return rate data from camps 1–6 and 8–11.The Endicotts used spring scales to weigh all items acquired by the Batek on a daily basis (Kirk Endicott uses a spring scale to weigh a bamboo rat (Schematic diagram showing how edible organ and carcass weights were derived from the measured raw weights (Rattan is a general term for all climbing palms in the tribe Calameae (The fine scale at which foraging returns were collected facilitated the construction of gain curves for each resource set at each of 11 Batek residential camps (patches).
Researchers report observations of an asteroid collision around the star Fomalhaut.Image credit: NASA, ESA, P. Kalas, J. Graham, E. Chiang, E. Kite (University of California, Berkeley), M. Clampin (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center), M. Fitzgerald (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), and K. Stapelfeldt and J. Krist (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory).The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging SpectrumHunter-gatherer movement patterns: Causes and constraintsA theory of human life history evolution: Diet, intelligence, and longevityThe ecology and energetics of hunter-gatherer residential mobilityMobility/sedentism: Concepts, archaeological measures, and effectsOptimal foraging strategies and hunter-gatherer research in anthropology: Theory and modelsHunter-Gatherer Foraging Strategies: Ethnographic and Archaeological AnalysesGame depletion and hunting zone rotation among the Ye’kwana and Yanomamo of Amazonas, Venezuela. and T.S.K.
We used two methods. We assume that movement is costly in terms of both time and energy and that natural selection has favored behavioral variants that increase the efficiency of foraging. Hunter-gatherers are notable for their high levels of mobility, but the ecological and social cues that determine the timing of camp movements (residential mobility) are poorly understood. Yale University Press.]

contributed new reagents/analytic tools; V.V.V.


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