Oldest human DNA reveals Aussie oddityCommentary on GJ Adcock, et al, 2001” Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: Implications for modern human originsDoes the Lake Mungo 3 mtDNA evidence stand up to analysis?Bones, Stones, and Molecules: “Out of Africa” and Human OriginsInterproximal grooving of lower second molars in WLH 4Pulling out the 1%: Whole-genome capture for the targeted enrichment of ancient DNA sequencing librariesTemporal patterns of nucleotide misincorporations and DNA fragmentation in ancient DNAThe future of ancient DNA: Technical advances and conceptual shiftsSingle-grain optical dating of grave-infill associated with human burials at Lake Mungo, AustraliaReanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNAA “Copernican” reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its rootPreferential access to genetic information from endogenous hominin ancient DNA and accurate quantitative SNP-typing via SPEXNovel high-resolution characterization of ancient DNA reveals C > U-type base modification events as the sole cause of post mortem miscoding lesionsMitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humansmapDamage2.0: Fast approximate Bayesian estimates of ancient DNA damage parametersThe mysterious Spotted Green Pigeon and its relation to the Dodo and its kindredGenome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistoryIllumina sequencing library preparation for highly multiplexed target capture and sequencing

The distribution of mtDNA haplogroups in Australia and New Guinea supports the hypothesis that the ancestors of Aboriginal Australians entered Sahul through at least two entry points. A large fraction (∼70%) of Aboriginal Australian males today carry Y chromosomes of Eurasian origin (∼59% European) due to admixture in the last ∼200 years after the European colonization of Australia. (We performed pairwise distance estimations similar to those in the work by Adcock et al. Surprisingly, in our northern Australian Kalumburu sample, we now find an Aboriginal Australian mtDNA lineage bearing all of the basic mutations characteristic of haplogroup Q. We also thank The Danish National High-Throughput DNA Sequencing Centre for sequencing the samples.

People: Aboriginal Australians Ancient nuclear genomes enable repatriation of Indigenous human remains. After European colonization, the ancestral remains of Indigenous people were often collected for scientific research or display in museum collections. Researchers report observations of an asteroid collision around the star Fomalhaut.Image credit: NASA, ESA, P. Kalas, J. Graham, E. Chiang, E. Kite (University of California, Berkeley), M. Clampin (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center), M. Fitzgerald (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), and K. Stapelfeldt and J. Krist (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory).Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern IndonesiaWLH 50: How Australia informs the worldwide pattern of Pleistocene human evolutionMitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: Implications for modern human originsAn Aboriginal Australian genome reveals separate human dispersals into AsiaDenisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and OceaniaThe process, biotic impact, and global implications of the human colonization of Sahul about 47,000 years agoRegional continuity in Australasian Pleistocene hominid evolutionGlobal human variation: Polarised positions and alternative perspectivesPaleoanthropology. DNA was extracted from ∼50 mg bone powder and eluted in 50 μL water using a protocol that retains short DNA fragments and removes inhibitory substances (Illumina DNA Libraries were built according to the methods described by Meyer and Kircher (Details of DNA capture methods, second generation sequencing, and bioinformatic processing of sequence reads together with mitochondrial sequence analyses and phylogenetics can be found in This research was conducted in partnership with the Barkindji, Ngiyampaa, and Muthi Muthi elders. We thank Manaasa Raghavan and Morten Rasmussen for help with Illumina library construction methods, Hannes Schroeder and Morten Allentoft for help with the DNA capture methods, Greg Baillie for advice regarding DNA extraction methods, and Gregory Adcock for providing the original DNA extracts for WLH3 and KS8 as well as undigested homogenized bone powder from WLH3. All five haplogroups were European in origin. The distribution of mtDNA haplogroups in Australia and New Guinea supports the hypothesis that the ancestors of Aboriginal Australians entered Sahul through at least two entry points. Our findings support the hypothesis that present-day Aboriginal Australians descend from the earliest humans to occupy Australia, likely representing one of the oldest continuous populations outside Africa.The publication in 2001 by Adcock et al., [Adcock GJ, et al., (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(2):537–542] in PNAS reported the recovery of short mtDNA sequences from ancient Australians, including the 42,000-y-old Mungo Man [Willandra Lakes Hominid (WLH3)]. News. The reads from WLH4 that contained haplotype-specific variants (Compared with all publicly available Aboriginal Australian mitochondrial genomes, the authentic endogenous sequence from WLH4 groups with individuals carrying the S2 haplogroup in the maximum likelihood tree (Maximum likelihood tree for all publicly available (near) complete Aboriginal Australian mitochondrial genomes and that of WLH4. Originally, these remains derived from the Willandra Lakes region (a copy of the approval is supplied in All pre-PCR procedures were carried out in the dedicated ancient DNA laboratory at Griffith University or a similar laboratory located at Oxford University (Ancient Biomolecules Centre).

Major Australian haplogroups are marked as follows: S (red), O (magenta), P (turquoise), and M (green).

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